PARLI VAIJNATH
PARLI VAIJNATH lies in Ambejogai tahsil and is an important centre of trade and commerce. It is very well served by road and rail transport, there being rail connections with Parbhani and Hyderabad and road connections with Nanded, Jalna, Barsi, Latur and Hingoli.
The main commodities sent to outside places, like Akola, Amalner, Jamnagar, Howrah, Delhi, Kalyan and Hyderabad from this yard are cotton, groundnut, jaggery, grains and pulses. Among the commodities purchased from outside markets, important are rice from Bajvada, building stone from Sahbad and timber from Nizamabad. It has 22 gins and was the first of its kind in the whole of Marathvada. Besides this there are now four more ginning and pressing factories, eight oil mills and four saw mills.
HISTORY OF GREAT PARLI.
with the help of different sites i gather this much. thanks to all who have given their experience so that I can use it for my city. And i hope no one will feel disrespected.Thanks.
It is not possible to give any account of the pre-historic period of it. With the advent of the Aryans we get some light on the past history of this region. It was then covered by a thick jungle, which extended from the Central India to the Deccan. Agastya was the first Aryan who crossed the Vindhya and fixed his residence on the bank of the Godavari. This memorable event is commemorated in the mythological story which represents Vindhya as bending before his guru Agastya, when the latter approached him. The sage asked the mountain to remain in that condition until he returned from south, which he never did. Agastya was followed by several other sages who established their hermitages in different regions of the south. The cluster of hermitages on the bank of the Godavari was called Janasthana to distinguish it from the surrounding uninhabited forest country. The sages were constantly harassed by the original inhabitants of the region who are called Raksasas in the Ramayana. "These shapeless and ill-looking monsters testify to their abominable character by various cruel and terrific displays. They implicate the hermits in impure practices and perform greatest outrages. Changing their shapes and hiding in the thickets adjoining the hermitages, these frightful beings delight in terrifying the devotees. They cast away their sacrificial ladles and vessels; they pollute the cooked oblations, and utterly defile the offerings with blood. These faithless creatures inject frightful sounds into the ears of the faithful and austere hermits. At the tune of the sacrifice they snatch away the jars, the flowers and the fuel .
In course of time a large kingdom was founded north of the Godavari by Vidarbha, the son of Rsabhadeva. His capital was Kundinapura in the Amravati district of the country which has since then become known by his name. Agastya married his daughter Lopamudra. Agastya is ' the Seer' of some hymns of the Rgveda His wife Lopamudra is also mentioned in the Rgveda I, 179, 4. The country became well known in the age of the Brahmanas and the Upanisads in which it is frequently mentioned. The Ramayana in the Uttarakdnda states the story of king Danda [Ramayana, Uttarahanda cantos 80 f] in whose time Vidarbha was devastated by a violent storm. Danda was a son of Iksvaku and grandson of Manu. He ruled over the country between the Vindhya and; Saivala mountains from his capital Madhumanta. He led a voluptuous life and, once upon a time violated the daughter of the sage Bhargava. The sage then cursed the king that his whole kingdom would be devastated by a terrible dust storm. The whole country between the Vindhya and Saivala mountains extending over a thousand yojanas was consequently turned into a great forest which since then came to be known as Dandakdranya. It was in this forest that the Sudra sage Sambuka was practising austerities. As this was an irreligious act according to the notions of those days, Rama beheaded him and revived the life of a Brdhmana boy who had died prematurely. The place where Sambuka was beheaded is still shown on the hill of Ramtek.
The central part of the Deccan was then divided into several-countries known by different names. Thus, the region to the north of the Godavari now included in the Aurangabad district was known by the name of Mulaka. This country together with its capital Pratisthana is mentioned in Pali literature . To the north of it lay the country of Rsika, now called Khandes . To the east of Rsika was Vidarbha which has already been described. Along the southern bank of the Godavari extended the country of Asmaka (Pall, Assaka), which comprised the modern Ahmadnagar and Bid districts. Later, this region came to be included in the country of Kuntala, which extended far to the south. It included what is now known as the Southern Maratha Country as well as North Karnataka and the Simoga and Citaldurga districts of the old Mysore State. In an inscriptional passage [Mirashi, Studies in the upper valley of the Krsna is said to be included in the Kuntala country. In the Udayasundarikatha of Soddhala Pratisthana on the Godavari is said to be the capital of the Kuntala country. In early times Kuntala was probably included in the larger country called Maharastra. The Aihole inscription speaks of three Maharastras comprising 99,000 villages which probably comprised Vidarbha, Western Maharastra and Kuntala In later times Kuntala came to denote the predominantly Kanarese country now included in the Mysore State. It is described as as a seven-and-a-half-lakh province. The Early Calukyas of Badami and the later Calukyas of Kalyani ruling over this territorv were known as Kuntalendras or lords of Kuntala. In earlier days, however, the districts of Kolhapur, Satara, Solapur, Ahmadnagar , which are now Marathi-speaking, were included in Kuntala. Later, the early Rastrakutas, who were ruling over this territory were known as Kuntalesvaras .
Coming to historical times, we find that all this territory was included in the Empire of Asoka. No inscription of the great Emperor has yet been found in this region as it has been discovered in Vidarbha , but his seventh and thirteenth rock edicts Rastrika-Petenikas and Bhoja-Petenikas respectively. Rastrikas were undoubtedly the rulers of this region, who came to be known later as Maharathis.
Satavahanas
Soon after the death of Asoka, this region declared its independence. A new dynasty which derived its name from its founder king Satavahana rose to power with its capital at Pratisthana . It received support from the local rulers called Maharathis, with whom it formed matrimonial alliances. This dynasty is called Andhra in the Puranas, but it first rose to power in Western Maharastra. This is indicated by its earliest inscriptions which are found in the caves at Naneghat near Junnar and at Nasik. Its earliest coins issued by king Satavahana have been found at Aurangabad and in Vidarbha. In later times it extended its rule to Andhra as shown by its later inscriptions and coins found in that region. The Puranas call it Andhra evidently because it was ruling in that country when the Puranic account was compiled in the early centuries .
Though king Satavahana was the founder of this family, he is not mentioned in the Puranas. The first king of the Andhra, in the Puranas is Simuka (Srimukha) [The Puranas give his name variously as Shishuka or Sindhuka. but the correct name in Prakrit is Simuka (Sanskrit, Shrimukha) given by a Naneghat inscription. We do not know the extent of his kingdom, but it is surmised to have spread at least from Junnar to Pratisthana (Paithan). When he ended his rule, his son Satakarni was probably a minor and so his brother Krsna ascended the throne. He has left an inscription in a cave which he got excavated at Nasik for the Buddhist monks . The next ruler of the dynasty was Satakarni I, who is also known from a relievo figure now mutilated in a Naneghat cave . He married Naganika. King Kharavela of Kalinga, who was his contemporary is said to have sent an army to the west, not minding Satakarni, who is probably this very ruler. When the army reached the river Kanhabenna, it struck terror in the hearts of the people of Rsika. This river is usually indentified with the Krsna but the identification is not plausible, for the Krsna flows not west but south-west of Kalinga (Orissa). It is more likely to be the river Kanhan, which flows about 10 miles from Nagpur. Rsika is, of course, Khandes as already stated. There was no actual clash of arms on this occasion, but two years later, Kharavela probably penetrated further west as he claims to have received submission from a number of the Rathikas and Bhojakas, who were probably Satavahana feudatories.
Satakarni
performed the Rajasuya and Asvamedha sacrifices , which probably commemorated his important victories or supremacy in the Deccan and, as such, had political significance. He performed several other Srauta sacrifices such as Agnyadheya, Aptoryama, Dasaratra, , Satatiratra and Gavamayana, all of which were marked by munificent gifts of horses, elephants, land . The Bid district was undoubtedly included in the dominion of Satakarni I.
Satakarni I left behind two sons, Vedisri and Saktisri who are mentioned in the aforementioned Naneghat inscription. Vedisri, who succeeded him, is described as a very brave prince whose army was always victorious and who became the lord of Daksinapatha . He was succeeded by a number of rulers who are named in the Puranic lists, but about whom they furnish little information except their reign-periods which also vary in different Puranas and even in the manuscripts of the same Puranas. But one name among them is noteworthy. It is that of king Hala, the reputed author of the Gathasaptasati, a unique collection of seven hundred Prakrt verses descriptive of the social, religious and economic life of the period . Hala flourished in the first century A.D.
Some years after Hala's reign, Maharastra was conquered by the Saka Ksatrapas. Nahapana, a Saka Ksatrapa probably appointed by the contemporary Kusana Emperor, was ruling over Konkan, Poona, Nasik and some other districts of Western Maharashtra as also some portions of Central India . . Vidarbha was under the rule of another Ksatrapa as disclosed by a pillar inscription recently discovered in the Bhandara district. The Satavahanas were therefore obliged to leave Western Maharastra and Vidarbha and repaired to the southern parts of their dominions, but soon Gautamiputra Satakarni retrieved the fortunes of his family. He made a daring dash into Vidarbha and occupied Benakata or the Wainganga district. Thereafter, he invaded Western Maharastra and defeated Nahapana somewhere in the Nasik district. This is shown by his inscription in one of the Nasik caves wherein he is called Benakataka-svami. He probably extended his rule to a large part of the peninsula as his chargers are said to have drunk the waters of the three oceans. The following provinces are specifically mentioned as comprised in his dominion: Rsika (Khandes), Asmaka , Mulaka , Vidarbha, Akara and Avanti (Eastern and Western Malva), Kukura (South-eastern Rajputana), Suratha (Kathiavad) and Aparanta (Konkan). His empire extended much further is shown by the description that the mountains Setagiri (near Nagarjunikonda), Sristana and Mahendra , were situated in his kingdom.
After defeating Nahapana, Gautamiputra Satakarni called back the silver coins of the Saka Ksatrapa Nahapana . The Jogalatembhi hoard contained more than 10.000 silver coins . He himself issued a large number of potin coins with the figure of the Elephant on the obverse and the Ujjain symbol on the reverse. In the hoard of potin coins found at Tarhala in the Aokla district, out of 1,200 decipherable coins.
Gautamiputra Satakarni was succeeded by Vasistiputra Pulumavi, who also ruled over an extensive kingdom, but seems to have lost some northern provinces to the Ksatrapas. He struck some silver portrait coins which show that he had an aquiline nose and his features indicated grim determination . He was succeeded by his brother Vasisthiputra Satakarni, who married the daughter of the Saka Mahaksatrapa Rudradaman. Among his successors the most noteworthy is Yajnasri Satakarni, whose inscriptions and coins have been found over a large area. He ruled over an extensive kingdom stretching from Konkan in the west to Andhradesa in the east. He issued among other types the ship-type potin coins indicative of his rule over the maritime province of the Coromandal .
Vakatakas
Within about fifty years after Yajnasri Satakarni, the rule of the Satavahanas came to an end in Circa A.D. 250. Several small kingdoms arose in the extensive territory which was previously under their rule. The Abhiras rose to power in Western Maharastra. An inscription of the Abhira king Isvarasena has been discovered in a cave at Nasik . The Vakatakas established themselves firmly in Vidarbha. A Saka family founded by Mana, which was previously subordinate to the Satavahanas declared its independence and ruled in the southern parts of the former Hyderabad State .
Pravarasena I, the second king in the Vakataka dynasty, was a powerful and ambitious king. He performed one Rajasuya and four Asvamedha sacrifices and extended his empire in all directions. He may have conquered the northern part of Kuntala comprising Poona, Ahmadnagar, Satara, Solapur, . He had four sons, who, the Puranas tell , all ruled over different kingdoms. Two of these are so far known—(1) Gautamiputra, whose descendants ruled over north Vidarbha from their capital Nandivardhana and (2) Sarvasena, who ruled over south Vidarbha from Vatsa-gulma . Where the remaining two sons were ruling is not known.
Early Rastrakutas
Mananka, the progenitor of the family, flourished . He founded Manapura, which he made his capital. He is described in one of the grants as the ruler of the Kuntala country. As stated before, Kuntala was the name of the upper Krsna valley in ancient times. The places mentioned in one of the grants can be identified in the Satara district. These Early Rastrakutas were, therefore, ruling over Kolhapur, Satara and Solapur districts.
These Rastrakutas sometimes came into conflict with the Vakatakas of Vidarbha. The Pandarangapalli plates of Avidheya state that Mananka defeated the rulers of Asmaka and Vidarbha.
From certain passages in the Kuntalesvaradautya, a Sanskrt work ascribed to Kalidasa, which have been cited in the Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara, the Srngaraprakasa and the Sarasvatikanthabharana of Bhoja and the Aucityavicaracarca of Ksemendra we learn that the famous Gupta king Candragupta II—Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa to the court of the lord of Kuntala. Kalidasa was not at first well received there, but he gradually gained the Kuntalesa's favour and stayed at his court for some time. When he returned, he reported to Vikramaditya that the lord of Kuntala was spending his time in enjoyment, throwing the responsibility of governing the kingdom on him . This Kuntalesa was probably indentical with Devaraja, the son of Mananka. Through the influence of Candragupta II, the two royal families of the South, viz., the Vakatakas and the early Rastrakutas were soon reconciled with each other . Harisena, the last known Vakataka king, raided Kuntala and exacted a tribute from its king. It is noteworthy that in the story of Visruta included in the Dasakumaracarita, which seems to have had a historical basis, the king of Kuntala appears as a feudatory of the Emperor of Vidarbha . After the downfall of the Vakatakas, these early Rastrakutas gained their independence.
Calukyas of Badami
The Calukyas of Badami rose to power in the first half of the sixth century A.D. The Badami stone inscription of Pulakesin I, who is the first independent ruler of this dynasty,. He made Vatapipuri (Badami) his capital and performed the Asvamedha and several other Srauta sacrifices. He was succeeded by his son Kirtivarman I. He made some conquests in South India and is described as 'the knight of destruction' to the Nalas (of the Bastar district), the Mauryas (of Konkan) and the Kadambas .When Kirtivarman I died, his son Pulakesin II was probably a minor. So his younger brother Mangalesa succeeded him.
He defeated Buddharaja, the Kalacuri king, who was ruling in North Maharastra, Konkan, Gujarat and Malva, and also Svamiraja of the Calukya family, who was ruling over the Revati-dvipa.
Mangalesa's reign ended in disaster and he lost his life in a civil war with his nephew Pulakesin II. Just about that time the Calukya kingdom was invaded from the north by one Govinda, who probably belonged to the aforementioned Early Rastrakuta family. Pulakesin adopted conciliatory measures in dealing with him as he was a powerful king . His descendants do not, however, seem to have held Southern Maharastra for a long time,for Pulakesin soon annexed both the Southern and the Northern Maharastra and extended the northern limit of his Empire to the bank of the Narmada. That he ousted the Rastrakutas from Southern Maharastra is shown by the Satara plates of his brother Visnuvardhana, which record the grant of a village on the southern bank of the Bhima . The Early Rastrakutas of Manapura thus disappear from history. The Asmaka country including the district of Bid was also annexed to the Empire of Pulakesin II. Pulakesin II obtained a resounding victory over Harsa, the lord paramount of North India. Thereafter he assumed the title Paramesvara (Emperor). He defeated the rulers of several countries such as North Konkan, Kosala (Chattisgad), Kalinga (Orissa), Pistapura (Pithapuram) and Kanci (Canjeeverum). He made the Colas, the Keralas and the Pandyas his allies. He became thus the undisputed lord of South India.
During his reign the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang visited Maharastra. He has left us the following graphic picture of the country and its people The soil is rich and fertile. The climate is hot the disposition of the people is honest and simple they are tall of stature and of a stern vindictive character. To their benefactors they are grateful to their enemies, relentless. If they are insulted, they will risk their lives to avenge themselves. If they are asked to help one in distress, they will forget themselves in their haste to render assistance. If they are going to seek revenge, they first give their enemy a warning then, each being armed, they attack each other with spears. If a general loses a battle, they do not inflict punishment, but present him with women's clothes, and so he is driven to seek death for himself. Each time they are about to engage in conflict, they intoxicate themselves with wine, and then one man with a lance in hand will meet ten thousand and challenge them to fight. Moreover, they inebriate many hundred heads of elephants, which rushing forward in mass, trample every thing down, so that no enemy can stand before them. The king, in consequence of possessing these men and elephants, treats his neighbours with contempt. He is of the Ksatriya caste and his name is Pulakesi .
Pulakesin was killed in battle at Badami by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman, who conquered Vatapi (Badami) and assumed the title of Vatapikonda.
During the reign of Vikramaditya II, a descendant of Pulakesin II, Gujarat was invaded by a formidable force of the Tajikas (Arabs). The Navasari plates of Avanijanasraya Pulakesin, . The Arabs had already defeated the Saindhavas, the Kacchellas, the Cavotakas, the Surastras, the Mauryas and the Gurjaras and were attempting to penetrate into the Daksinapatha, but Avanijanasraya (Pulakesin) inflicted a crushing defeat on the invaders. The Calukya Emperor then honoured Avanijanasraya with several titles.
Kirtivarman II, the last of these Early Calukyas, was defeated by the Rastrakuta prince Dantidurga when he issued his Samangad plates. Kirtivarman continued to rule for a few years more but he had lost the paramount position in the Deccan.
Rashtrakutas
Dantidurga was the real founder of the Rastrakuta Imperial power. His Ellora Cave inscription mentions five ancestors beginning with Dantivarman. The family probably belonged to the Aurangabad district where its earliest records have been found. The earlier members of the family were probably hierarchy of the Early Calukyas of Badami. Dantivarman made extensive conquests. The Ellora cave inscription records his victories over the rulers of Kanci, Kosala, Kalinga, Srisaila, Malava, Tanka and Lata. His war elephants are said to have rent asunder the banks of the Mahanadi, the Mahi and the Reva. Though there is much exaggeration in the description of his conquests, there is no doubt that he conquered Karnataka, Maharastra, Vidarbha and Gujarat. His capital was Mayurakhandi .
Dantidurga was succeeded by his uncle Krsna I, who completed the former's conquests and shattered completely the Power of the Early Calukyas. He was not only a great conqueror but also a great builder. He got the great Siva temple at Ellora originally called Krsnesvara but now known as Kailasa cut out of solid rock. It is one of the noblest monuments of India.
The Rastrakuta family produced several great conquerors, who boldly invaded north and south India and achieved memorable victories. Dhruva was the first among them. He defeated both the Gurjara-Pratihara king Vatsaraja and the Pala king Dharmapala who were contending for supremacy in North India and pressed as far as the Doab. Since then the two sacred rivers Ganga and Yamuna began to appear on the Rastrakuta banner.
Govinda III, the son and successor of Dhruva, proved to be a still greater conqueror. After obtaining an easy victory over the Ganga king Muttarasa ruling in Gangavadi, he led victorious campaigns in Central and Northern India. He first defeated the Gurjara-Pratihara prince Nagabhata and his ally Candragupta in Central India and then routed Dharmapala of Bengal, who had espoused the cause of Cakrayudha of Kanauj. He marched victoriously to the north until his horses drank and his elephants plunged themselves into the spring waters of the Himalayas. He then returned to the Narmada and marching along the bank of the river, he conquered the Malava, Kosala, Kalinga, Vanga, Dahala and Odra countries. He then spent the rainy season at Sribhavana (modern Sarbhon in Gujarat) and afterwards marched with his forces to the bank of the Tungabhadra. Using Alampura (or Helapura) on the bank of the river as his base, he led his campaigns against the Colas, Pandyas and Pallavas. Even the king of Lanka submitted to him.
A copper-plate grant of Govinda III was found at Dharur in the Bid district. The villages can be identified in Bid district. Dharaura is evidently Dharur and Anahe is Aneganv about 14 miles south-east of Dharur. Aivaccha, Dhani-grama, Vauji-grama and Ananta-grama are respectively identical with Avasganv, Dhaneganv Bavaci Kaij and Anandganv . Several other grants of Govinda III have been found in Vidarbha.
Govinda III was succeeded by his son Sarva-Amoghavarsa I, who was a man of peaceful disposition, but whose reign was full of troubles. He shifted his capital to Manyakheta. He had to fight with the Eastern Calukyas of Vengi, the Gangas of Gangavadi and his own relatives in Gujarat. He loved and encouraged Science and literature, and treated all religions with equal reverence. He voluntarily retired from public administration to engage himself in religious pursuits.
Another noteworthy king in the Rastrakuta family was Indra III, the great-grandson of Amoghavarsa I. Like his illustrious ancestors Dhruva and Govinda III, Indra also led victorious campaigns in North India. He followed the route of Bhopal, Jhansi and Kalpi in the course of his invasion of Kanauj, the Imperial capital of India for more than three hundred years. At Kalpi his army was encamped in the courtyard of the temple of the Sun-god Kalapriyanatha, well-known to Sanskrtists. His horses crossed the Yamuna at Kalpi and then marched on Kanauj which he completely devastated. The Gurjara-Pratihara king Mahipala fled to Mahoba to seek the help of his Candella feudatory Harsa. Indra III's northern campaign was a memorable event unparalleled for its brilliance in the history of the Rastrakutas.
Recently a grant of Indra III, made on the occasion of his coronation, has been found at Jambaganv in the Gangapur taluka of the Aurangabad district. It is identical with the village Khirai near Paithan. The boundary villages Nandauraka, and Pippala can be identified in its vicinity.
Indra III was succeeded by his son Amoghavarsa II, but he died within a year and was followed by his younger brother Govinda IV. The latter was known for his liberality and rightly had the biruda Suvarnvarsa (the gold-rainer). On the occasion of his coronation he donated six hundred agrahara villages and three lakhs of gold coins to Brahmanas and eight villages, four lakhs of gold coins and thirty-two lakhs of silver coins (drammas) to temples .
The Rastrakutas of Manyakheta and the Kalacuris of Tripuri were matrimonially connected and their relations were generally cordial. But in the reign of Govinda IV they became strained. The Kalacuri king Yuvarajadeva I espoused the cause of his son-in-low Baddiga—Amoghavarsa III, the uncle of Govinda IV, and sent a large army to invade the Rastrakuta dominion. When it reached the Payosni (modern Purna), a pitched battle was fought near Acalapura between the Kalacuri and Rastrakuta forces in which the former became victorious. This event is commemorated in the Sanskrt play Viddhasalabhanjika of Rajasekhara.The Rastrakuta who rose in rebellion against Govinda IV deposed him and placed his uncle Baddiga—Amogha varsa III on the throne. He was a man of quiet nature and spiritual temperament, who left the administration entirely to his ambitious and able son Krsna III. Like some of his illustrious ancestors Krsna even as yuvaraja, led an expedition in North India and captured the forts of Kalanjara and Citrakuta. He succeeded his father . He then led an expedition against the Colas and defeated them in a sanguinary battle at Takkolam in the North Arcot district. He next led his victorious arms to Ramesvaram, where he built two temples. Hearing of his resounding victories, the kings of Kerala, Pandya and Ceylon submitted to him. He also placed his own nominee on the throne of Vengi. He became thus the lord paramount of the whole of South India.
Later Calukyas
The Rastrakuta power became weak after the death of Krsna III. Within eight years his large empire crumbled like a house of cards. Taila II, the founder of the Later Calukya dynasty, who was a Mahasamanta of the Rastrakutas, suddenly came into prominence. He defeated and killed in battle Karka II, the last Rastrakuta king, and captured his capital Manya-kheta. He had to fight against the Colas, the Pandyas and the Paramaras. The Paramara king Vakpati-Munja planned to invade the Calukya dominion, but his wise minister Rudraditya advised him not to cross the Godavari which was the boundary between the Calukya and Paramara dominions. Munja did not heed his advice and was taken captive by Tailapa. He was placed in a prison and was waited upon by Tailapa's sister Marnalavati. He fell in love with her and foolishly disclosed to her the plan of his escape. She communicated it to Tailapa.
Among the successors of Tailapa I, the most famous is Vikramaditya VI, the founder of the Calukya-Vikrama Samvat. He ascended the throne . He had to fight against the Colas, the Calukyas of Gujarat and the Hoysalas and signally defeated them. He also led an expedition against Vengi. Two inscription of his reign have been found in Vidarbha. One of them called the Sitabaldi pillar inscription seems to have originally belonged to the Vindhyasana hill at Bhandak in the Canda district . Another inscription of this Paramara prince Jagaddeva has come to notice at Jainad in the Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesa.
Vikramaditya's reign is renowned on account of some learned men who flourished at his court. Bilhana, who was patronised by him, wrote the Vikramankadevacarita, which is his poetical biography. Another famous author who flourished at his court was Vijnanesvara, the author of the well-known commentary Mitaksara on the Yajnavalkyasmrti.
Kalacuris
The decline of the Calukya power commenced soon after the reign of Vikramaditya VI. Tailapa III, the last Calukya king, was overthrown by the Kalacuri Bijjala. The Kalacuri usurpation lasted for about two decades. Bijjala's reign is noted for the rise of the Lingayat Sect.
Yadavas of Devagiri
The Yadavas of Devagiri came into prominence. They had been ruling over Seunadesa (Khandes) in an earlier period as feudatories of the Later Calukyas, but Bhillama, the son of Mallugi, declared his independence and soon made himself master of the whole territory north of the Krsna. He then founded the city of Devagiri, which he made his capital. His son Jaitrapala killed Rudradeva of the Kakatiya dynasty on the field of battle and released his nephew Ganapati whom he had put into prison. Under Jaitra-pala's son Singhana, the power of the family greatly increased.
Singhana achieved several victories. He defeated the Hoysala king Vira-Ballala, the Kakatiya king Ganapati and Laksmideva, the lord of Bhambhagiri, modern Bhamer in the Pimpalner taluka of the Dhulia district. He confined Bhoja II of the Silahara family on the hill of Pranala, i.e., Panhala, a strong fort about 12 miles to the north-west of Kolhapur. Most of these victories were won by his Brahman general Kholesvara. The latter vanquished also Arjunavarmadeva, king of Malva, and even pressed as far north as Varanasi, where he put Ramapala to flight. Kholesvara constructed several temples in Vidarbha and also established agraharas on the banks of the Payosni (modern Purna) and the Varada (modern Wardha). The former agrahara still exists under the name of the village Kholapur in the Amravati district.
Singhana was succeeded by his grandson Krsna, who obtained victories over the kings of Gurjara, Malava, Cola and Kosala. The Gurjara king was Visaladeva and the Malava ruler was Jaitugideva. The Kosala king was evidently the contemporary ruler of Ratanpur in Chattisgadh, who was probably the successor of Jajalladeva defeated by Singhana .
Krsna was succeeded by his brother Mahadeva. From the recently discovered Kaleganv plates . The most notable event of his reign is the annexation of North Konkan after defeating Somesvara of the Silahara dynasty. He left the throne to his son Amana, but the latter was soon deposed by Krsna's son Ramacandra, who captured the impregnable fort of Devagiri . He is said to have defeated with ease the ruler of Dahala subjugated the ruler of Bhandagara , and dethroned the king of Vijrakara (modern Vairagadh). He is further credited with a victory over the Muhammedans, whom he drove out from Varanasi where be built a golden temple dedicated to Sarangapani. His minister Purusottama received from him the grant of four villages, which he formed into an agrahara and donated to several Brahmanas on the holy day of Kapilasasthi. The agrahara was named Purusottamapuri after the donor. It is still extant under its original name on the southern bank of the Godavari, about 40 miles due west from Parbhani.
A fragmentary inscription of the time of Ramacandra is built into the front wall of the temple of Laksmana on the hill of Ramtek. In the first half it gives the genealogy of Ramacandra and in the second half it describes the temples, wells and tirthas on and in the vicinity of the hill, which it names as Ramagiri. The object of the inscription seems to have been to record the repairs done to the temple of Laksmana by Raghava, a minister of Ramacandra.
Ala-ud-din Khilji invaded the kingdom of Ramcandra and suddenly appeared before the gates of Devagiri. Ramacandra was taken unawares and could not hold out for long. He had to pay a large ransom to the Muslim conqueror. . He was succeeded by his son Sankaradeva . He discontinued sending the stipulated tribute to Delhi. He was then defeated and slain by Malik Kafur. Some time thereafter, Harapaladeva, the son-in-law of Ramacandra, raised an insurrection and drove away the Muhammedans, but his success was short-lived. The Hindu kingdom of Devagiri thus came to an end .
Like their illustrious predecessors, the Yadavas also extended liberal patronage to art and literature. During their rule a peculiar style of architecture called Hemadpanti after Hemadri or Hemadpant, a minister of Mahadeva and Ramacandra, came into vogue. Temples built in this style are found in all districts of Maharastra. During the reign of Mahadeva he held the post of Srikaranadhipa or Head of the Secretariat. He was appointed Minister and Head of the Elephant force by Ramacandra. He was as brave as he was learned and liberal. He conquered the Yadava kingdom the eastern part of Vidarbha called Jhadi-mandala. Hemadri is well known as the author of the Caturvargacintamani comprising five parts, viz., (1) Vratakhanda, (2) Danakhanda, (3) Tirthakhanda, (4) Moksakhanda and (5) Parisesakhanda. Of these the third and fourth khandas have not yet come to light. Hemadri's work is held in great esteem and has been drawn upon by later writers on Dharmasastra. He is the author of a commentary on Saunaka's Pranavakalpa and also of a Sraddhakalpa, in which he follows Katayayana. His Ayurvedarasayana, a commentary on Vagbhata's Astangahrdaya, and Kaivalyadipika, a gloss on Bopedeva’s Muktaphala are also well known.
Hemadri extended liberal patronage to learned men. Among his proteges the most famous was Bopadeva. He was a native of Vedapada (modern Bedod) on the bank of the Wardha in the Adilabad district of the former Hyderabad State. Bopadeva is said to have written ten works on Sanskrt grammar, nine on medicine, one for the determination of tithis, three on poetics and an equal number for the elucidation of the Bhagavata doctrine. Only eight of these are now extant.
BEED district is predominantly an agricultural district with more than 80 per cent of its population depending on agriculture. The ratio of employment in industry in Bhir is one worker per thousand of total population as against 20 per thousand of total population for Maharashtra. The negligence of industrial development of Marathwada region in the past is one of the reasons for the backwardness of Bhir district.The transport and communications facilities are also not satisfactory.Mining activity in the district is also confined to quarrying of stones, clay, sand, etc., with 558 persons engaged in it. Hand-loom weaving is the most important of all cottage industries and is next only to agriculture in importance and usefulness as a natural occupation. Blacksmiths, potters—kumbhars, carpenters;—sutars. are found to be working in almost all towns and villages. Artisans of the district making gupti, copper and brass wares are well-known for their skill. Bamboo working and oil ghanis are the other sources of employment. There are no engineering units as such except two workshop depots of State Transport, one at Bhir and the other at Parali. Industrialisation, in the district, has to be based to a large extent on locally available raw materials. Amongst the raw materials available in the district are the agricultural: products like cotton, groundnut, sugarcane, cereals and pulses.
POPULATION
THE TOTAL POPULATION OF BEED DISTRICT ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1961 is 10,01,466 (m. 5,08,827, f. 4,92,639).(FROM OFFICIAL SITE).
CLIMATE
Seasons
The climate of this district is on the whole dry except in the south-west monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season from December to February is followed by the hot season from March to May. The period from June to September is the south-west monsoon season while October and November constitute the post-monsoon season.
Rainfall
The district has eight rain-gauge stations.On an average there are 41 rainy days (i.e., days with rainfall of 2.5 mm—10 cents—or more) in a year. This number varies from 39 at Roti to 45 at Chausala.
The heaviest rainfall recorded in 24 hours at any station in the district was 250.0 mm (10.00") at Mominabad on 24th June, 1951.
LANGUAGE
As many as 52 languages have been returned as mother-tongue spoken in the district during the census of 1961. A mother tongue defined for the census purpose is the language spoken childhood by the person's mother to the person or mainly spoken in the household. A number of these mother-tongues returned at the census of the district are but dialects or caste dialects, principally of Marathi, Telugu, Gujarati and Hindi. Arranged in the order of total speakers who number more than 100 each to claim a mother-tongue of their own, the following information relates to 20 languages and dialects of the district returned at the census of 1961: (1) Marathi 8,66,932 (m. 4,39,547; f. 4,27,385); (2) Urdu 90,302 (m. 46.194; f. 44,108); (3) Lamani 14,920 (m. 7,660; f. 7,260); (4) Marwadi 8,261 (m. 4,420; f. 3,841), (5) Telugu 6.550 (m. 3,438; f. 3,112); (6) Hindi 4,941 (m. 2,654; f. 2,287); (7) Vadari 1.790 (m. 930; f. 860): (8) Banjari 1.495 (m. 801; f. 691); (9) Kaikadi 1,144 (m. 579; f. 565); (10) Gujarati 973 (m. 510; f. 463): (11) Bhili 674 (m. 313; f. 361); (12) Rajasthani 651 (m. 297; f. 354); (13) Kannada 531 (m. 268; f. 263); (14) Pardhi 454 (m. 228; f. 354); (15) Kahari 304 (m. 148; f. 263); (16) Punjabi 177 (m. 119; f. 58); (17) Ghisadi 174 (m. 87; f. 87); (18) Multani 156 (m. 81; f. 75); (19) Sindhi 135 (m. 79; f. 56) and (20) Tamil 119 (m. 65; f. 54). These languages together have 10,00,918 speakers who form 99.94 per cent of the district population.(source maharashtara gov.com)
TRIBES
The scheduled tribes of the district Vanjaris, Bhils, Vadars and Kaikadis are met with mainly in Ambejogai, Kaij and Manjleganv tahsils.Phasepardhis follow Hindu religion and the deities chiefly worshipped by them are Yellamma, Tujja-Bhavani and Vyankates. They believe in witchcraft and soothsaying. Depending upon their means, they burn or bury their dead, which are carried by three persons. No funeral rites are observed to propitiate the deceased ancestors. Vadars is a wandering tribe chiefly engaged in stone-crushing. Some make mill-stones and sell them. Some work as diggers and earth-workers. They dig wells and build tanks. Their mother-tongue is derived from Telugu and Marathi. They follow the Hindu law of inheritance and worship Hindu gods, Mangai, Bahiroba, Bhavani, Khandoba and Mhasoba being their favourite deities.
The Kaikadis, once a wandering tribe, are now settled in villages. They have a number of endogamous divisions like the Kamathis (basket-makers), Makadvalas (wandering and exhibiting monkey's games), Kaijis (flute players) and others. Besides, there are a number of groups among whom marriages are forbidden.The offer of marriage comes from the boy's father who has to pay a bride-price to the girl's father. Marriage ceremonies resemble those of the Kunbis and the homa or marriage sacrifice, tying of the Kankanas or marriage wristlets to the bridal pair and fastening of the lucky necklace round the girl's neck form the main ceremonies. Widow remarriage is allowed hut it is observed without any ceremony.
Bhils The Bhlls of the district use a cognate dialect of Marathi with a considerable admixture of Hindustani and Dangi. Besides, there is to be found considerable change from tribe to tribe and also from place to place.
There appears to be a great difference between the Bhils living in hills and the Bhils who have settled as peasants, especially as regards food, dress, language, customs, rituals and religious beliefs.
The Bhils in the hills seldom wear anything except a piece of loin cloth, and their women wear coarse and scanty saris. The settled Bhils wear clothes like other communities living nearby. Thus men wear a waist-cloth, a turban and a coat and their women saris and bodice. Both men and women wear brass or silver ear-rings and anklets when they could afford.
Common diet of the peasant Bhils includes jowar bread, curry-curds, vegetables and fish and mutton when they afford it. The hill Bhils have no special diet but eat flesh of the animals they have killed or that have died a natural death and other things like fruits and roots.
The Bhils are animists and are particularly devoted to God Khandoba. They pray Muslim saints and pirs also. They observe the Hindu festivals of divali and holi when goddess Durga is worshipped and appeased by sacrificing goats. They strongly believe in witchcraft and pay great attention to omens Sorcerers called Badvas are constantly consulted who suggest various ways of avoiding bad luck.
A marriage proposal comes from the bridegroom's side which is followed by asking (mangani) and then by betrothal when the girl is given a sari bodice-piece and an announcement is made in the presence of pancas. The boy's father brings ghum or dej (bride-price) to the bride's father of which a certain portion goes to the council or pancas. A feast is given and the day ends with singing and dancing. Marriage is celebrated in much the same manner as among the Hindus.
Polygamy, widow re-marriage and divorce are allowed and practised. Polyandry is unknown. Polygamy is also becoming rare. Widow re-marriages take place rather unceremoniously. Divorce is allowed on grounds of adultery, barrenness or cruelty.
Some of the Bhils are husbandmen. Others work as field labourers, sell grass and fuel, and collect wax and honey. As a community, they are simple, faithful and honest. The Bhils are very much fond of hunting, excitement and are passionately fond of music and dancing.
Vanjaris
Lad Vanjaris and Lamani Vanjaris are two sub-castes found among them. Lad Vanjaris have adopted agriculture as their main occupation, while the Lamani Vanjaris are still nomads.
They live in settlements called vadis. Their housing system is akin to that of the Marathas. Houses face any side except south which is generally avoided as inauspicious. Two open platforms called otas are built on either side of the front door. On entering the main door, there are two rooms on either side. These are called as dhalaj and are used to receive outsiders and for official work. There is an open space or cauk beside which are portions for cooking, dining, storing, etc. There is also a separate room for ladies. The back-yard is generally used for domestic animals.
Vanjaris are fair looking, healthy and proud. Their ladies are. beautiful, shy and religious-minded.
Lamanis
Lamanis are also known as Vanjaris in various parts of the State. A Vanjari or trader seems to be an occupational description which is etymologically) identical with vanijiya which means trade. These tribes were, in the past, engaged in carrying grain and supplies for armies, before the opening of cart roads and railways The term Lamani is also supposed to be derived from the word lavan (salt), the tribe being the chief carrier of salt in the past.
PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANISATION
The activities of Public Health Department include the control of communicable diseases like plague, cholera, smallpox etc. as also maternity and child health services, school health services, environmental sanitation etc. In addition, activities like family planning, control of leprosy, etc. having socio-economic bearing have been taken in hand by the department.
District Health Organisation
Prior to 1959 the medical and public health activities were under the charge of a single department. In that year separate departments were formed. The present district health office is headed by the district health officer who is assisted by an epidemic medical officer, seven sanitary inspectors, one leprosy supervisor, five health inspectors and other necessary staff.
With the formation of the Zilla Parishad, the health organisation at the district level has been transferred to the Zilla Parishad. However, some health schemes such as malaria eradication, leprosy control, mobile hospital unit, smallpox eradication, etc. are still under the state sector, partially or wholly.
Control of Epidemics
Cholera
Throughout the district about 1½ to 2 lakhs of people are annually inoculated against cholera.
The disinfection of well water is undertaken by sanitary squads and about 3,000 wells are disinfected annually.
Special health staff is deputed for making sanitary arrangements at the fairs. There are three major fairs held each year at Parali, Talwada and Narayan Gadh attended by about 50,000, 20,000 and 10,000 people, respectively.
Smallpox
Each of the sixteen vaccinators in the district cover about 50,000 persons. On an average about 40 to 50 thousand primary vaccinations are done every year. To eradicate the evil of smallpox, the Government of India have launched the smallpox eradication programme on a national scale. The Government of Maharashtra have the district supervising medical officer and other staff for this work and active propaganda is carried on. So far work in the four tahsils of Manjlegaon, Georai, Ambejogai and Ashti is completed.
School Health
The epidemic medical officer and the medical officer in charge of the medical and health unit, Patoda, is entrusted with the medical examination in various schools. The jurisdiction of the unit extends for the present over 32 villages with a population of 28,302. The scheme is being extended to the whole of the district.
LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE
The police force in Beed district is under control of the district superintendent of police with headquarters at Beed The former sub-division comprises 11 police stations and three outposts and the latter, ten police stations and three out-posts. Each of the sub-divisional officer is assisted by a circle police inspector and a home police inspector. The crime branch and the local intelligence branch in the district are under a police inspector and a police sub-inspector, respectively. The police stations in the district are in charge of the sub-inspectors and the outposts are in charge of the head constables. The recruitment, training and the distribution of arms and ammunition are entrusted to the reserve police sub-inspector at the district headquarters, and are supervised by the police inspector.The police force mainly consists of two categories, viz., armed and unarmed. The armed force is chiefly allotted the duties of guarding jails and lock-ups and escorting prisoners and treasures. The unarmed section is trained in squad drill, rifle and range practices, dacoit operations, ceremonial drill, etc.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Civil Courts
The district court is the principal court of original jurisdiction in the district. It is also a court of appeal from all decrees and orders up to the value of Rs. 10,000 passed by the subordinate courts from which an appeal can be preferred. The district judge exercises general control over all the civil courts and their establishment and inspects the proceedings of these courts.
In addition to the district court, there is another court in Beed presided over by an assistant judge. The assistant judge exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction and tries original cases up to the value of Rs. 15,000.
Criminal Courts
The district judge, Beed, is also the sessions judge of the district. The sessions judge tries criminal cases which are committed to his court by the judicial magistrates after preliminary enquiry and hears appeals against the decisions of the subordinate magistrates.
Nyaya Panchayats
Under the Bombay Village Panchayats Act (VI of 1933), nyaya panchayats have been formed in a number of villages, and these institutions are empowered to try petty civil suits and criminal cases. The constitution and powers of the panchayats are detailed in Chapter VI, Sections 37 to 58-A, of the Bombay Village Panchayats Act, 1933. An appeal lies to the district court against a decree passed by a nyaya panchayat in any suit and to the sessions court against any order in any case. There are no nyaya panchayats constituted in the district till to date.
The sizeable increase in the number of primary schools within the State in turn created a demand for the development of secondary as well as university education. This demand was met with subsequently. Special schools were started for the children of the backward classes. Adult education was also taken in hand. Circulating libraries were started, colleges and girls' schools (secondary schools and a first grade college for women) were opened. Progress was also made in the field of physical and vocational education. Vocational education was imparted mainly in the following vocations: —
Weaving, carpentry, blacksmithy, tailoring, bidi work, pottery book-binding, leather work, cane work, gardening, agriculture etc.The educational backwardness of the district and the absence of suitable educational institutions drew the attention of the planners. Phased educational programme was undertaken in the State Five-Year Plans. To draw active public support for the government effort towards educational expansion, schemes creating a cadre of 'voluntary' teachers were introduced. ther is medical college which comes under MMC 2005010208 10/01/2005 SEX: M
BADNE AVINASH BABURAO
M.B.B.S. - M.U.H.S. NASHIK - 2004
C/O. B.R. BADNE, NEW E.23/138, T.P.S.
COLONY, PARLI VAIJANATH, DIST. BEED. -
431520
Parli Thermal Power Station is spread across 822.64 Hectares of area.
The power station has 690 MW capacity with Stage-I :comprises 2 x 30 MW and Stage-II : comprises: 3 x 210 MW units. The water requirement is fulfilled by the barrage on Godavari river about 22 KM away from the power station. The raw water booster pump house is located at Naikota about 10 KM away. The coal is supplied by Singreni Coal Fields Limited and Western Coal Fields Limited. The imported coal is received for blending with Indian coal.
Stage - I :
Parli Thermal Power Station established in 1970 with construction of 2 x 30 MW units. The first 30 MW known as Unit-1 syncronised on 15/11/1971. The second 30 MW unit started functioning in 17/05/1972.The boilers were supplied by HEL, Bhopal & turbines were supplied by Franco Tosi, Itali.The capacity of both units derated to 20 MW ( i e 2 x 20 MW) from 20/04/2007.
Stage –II :
Unit-3 with 210 MW capacity synchronized on 10/10/1980. This unit was supplied by BHEL on turnkey basis. Then followed the synchronization of Unit-4 on 26/03/1985 and Unit-5 on 31/12/1987 supplied by BHEL. Thus Parli Thermal Power Station comprises capacity of 690MW in total. Now the New Parli Thermal Power Station having 250 MW capacity is being installed.
Amenities:
The power station area comprises well maintained colony with all amenities. It comprises two libraries, three schools, market building, Maharashtra Bank, Post office, INDANE gas agency.
ISO: Excellence in Quality & Environment
The power Station has received ISO 9000:2001 in June-2005 & ISO 14000:2004 in Novemeber-2005 for QMS & EMS respectively.
The power Station is recipient of Maharashtra State Vanashree Award-1995 for the tree lantation on the Dautpur ash bund area. The ash utilization for cement industries,brick manufacturing, roofing industries, farming has reached upto 32 %. The Stage-I BOO tender for ash utilization has been commissioned by M/s Birla Super Cement in June,2006 & are utilizing it in Solapur cement plant. The Stage-II BOT tender has been finalized in May-06 & work has been started by the parties. The plants are expected to be commissioned in October-2007. The recycled water around 20000 cubic meter per day is being utilized for ash evacuation.
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